Alternating-current hoist.



D. L. LINDQUIST.

ALTERNATING CURRENT HOIST. APPLICATION-FILED MAY 17. 1913.

Patented Sept. 12, 1916.

2 SHEETSSHEET 1.

D. L. LINDQUIST.

Patented Sept. 12,1916.

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2 SHEETS-SHEET 2.

ATTORNEY UN ED STATES PAT NT oFFroE.

DAVID L. LINDIQUIST, OE YONKERS, NEW YORK, AssroNon r0 o'rrs' ELEVATORCOMPANY, 01 JERSEY CITY, NEW JERSEY, A CORPORATION OE NEw JERSEY.

ALrEENA'riNG-otmRENr nors'r.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, DAVID L. LINDQUIST, a subject of the King of Sweden,residing in Yonkers, in thecounty of Vfestchester and State of New York,have invented a new and useful Improvement in Alternating-CurrentHoists, of which the following is a specification.

My invention relates to electric hoists, and

' for controlling an alternating current electric motor in startingaccelerating,'slowing down and stopping by the use of a direct currentgenerated in part by the motor itself.

Another object of the invention is the provision of a polyphasealternating current hoisting motor and means for preventing theoperation of the said motor unless and until all of'the' phases areinproper condition and alive. 1

A further object is the provision of a novel system of automatic controlfor an alternating current hoisting motor in which theelectro-responsive devices which control the circuits ofthe'v motor willoperate in a predetermined manner independent of .a rise or fall ofpotential in the power mains.

Other objects of the invention will appear hereinafter, the novelcombinations of elements being pointed out in the annexed claims. 7

' In a furnace or skip hoist the motor must necessarily be of largesize, owing to thevery heavy unbalanced load, which load ofttimesamounts to several tons. This load must be carefully handled,particularly at or near its limits of travel so as toinsure that theload carrying device or skip will Specification of Letters Patent.

, Application filed Kay 17, 1913. Serial N0. 768,212. I

Patented Sept.

desired result is much more difficult to attain. In slowing down andstopping a direct current motor, use is made of the dynamic brake effectsupplied by the motor itself operating as a- (lynamo, but with astandard type of alternating current motor, this brake effect islacking, since a standard type of alternating current motor will notoperate as a self-exciting generator.

I purpose to couple a direct current generator to an alternating currenthoisting motor; to separately excite the generator bycurrent suppliedfrom a motor generator; and to control the alternating current hoistingmotor by means of electro-responsive devices operated exclusively bydirect current generated from the two sources above mentioned. By thismethod I am enabled to control the main motor in accordance with itsload and speed, and to overcome the many objectionable features inherentin substantially all electro-responsive devices operated by analternating current.

furnace or skip hoist containing an embodiment of the invention; Fig. 2is a wiring diagram showing the various electrical circuits andmechanism controlled thereby.

Like reference characters denote similar parts in both figures.

Referring to Fig. 1, 0 represents a blast furnace which is charged withore, limestone, coke, etc., by means of the skips K and. L, which travelover the inclined tracks I. Theskips K and L are both connected toOpposite ends of a cable or cables Fwhich are wrapped about a windingdrum D operated by an alternating current motor The latter is housed ina power house J located at the lower end of the incline which containsthe controlling mechanism comprising a controller C, brake B, automaticstop motion sWitch S geared to the winding drum shaft, motor generatorset H' and G, master switch A and emergency switch E. The stop motionswitch S being geared to the main motor operated in synchro-nismtherewith, and each switch arm of the switch S is operated by acorresponding cam, so that the 'desired operation of the switch arms maybe effected from the cam shaft by a separate or collective adjustment ofthe cam about the cam or operating shaft, such as indicated by the setscrews 8. The skips L and K travel over the incline from a charging pitN to the top of the furnace, the loaded skip ascending while the emptyskip is descending. To

the rear of the motor M is a direct current generator B (Fig. 2) whichis coupled to and rotates with the motor.

. Referring to Fig. 2, I show, in additionto the parts already pointedout, the main ference magnet switches Z and speed con-f trollingswitches Q, together with other parts which go to make up the system ofcontrol.

Assuming the main line switch W and switch X to be in closed position,as shown, the motor H will run at full speed and bring the generator Gup to normal constant potential. Both relays 7 will be energized fromthe mains to maintain their contact closed and thereby establish acircuit from the generator G to the holding magnet of potential switch-T provided all of the phases are intact and alive. This circuit may betraced from the generator brush 1, through the wires 2, and 3, emergencyswitch E, limit switches 44, governor switch 5, holding magnet of thepotential swltch T, contacts of overload relay 6, contacts of relays 7,7, contacts of overload re lay 8, and by the wire 10, to the generatorbrush 11. The potential switch will close its contacts and maintain themclosed providing the main line potential doesnot drop excessively andthe skip does not overrun its limits of travel or attain excessive speedand provided there is no overload on the motor and that all of the mainline phases are alive and intact with both of the relays 7 in closedposition, and the emergency switch is not disturbed. The generator R hasits field 12 excited from the generator G by way. of the conductors 2and 10.

The operation of the system is as follows:

The operator moves the handle 13 of the master switch.A in a right handdirection until the contact segment 14 bridges the contacts 15 and 16and the segment 37 bridges the contacts 35 and 36. This operation closesthe circuit for the accelerating magnets 22, 23, 24 and 25 across thearmature of generator R,and may be traced from the brush 27 wires2 and3, contacts 17, wire 18, contacts of switch A, wire 19, stop motion 4switch contacts 20, wire 21,- windings of switches 22, 23, 24 and 25,and by wire 28 to the brush 29. Since the motor M and generator R are atrest at this time, the accelerating magnets are not energized to operate6 their contacts. Themaster switch lever is the contact 30. This effectsno immediate H result since the stop motion switch contacts 31 are openat this time. The master switch.

is now moved to its extreme right hand position with the contact segmentin engagement with the contact 32. A circuit is now closed from thegenerator G, through the master switch contact 32, stop motion contacts33, solenoid of reversing switch V, stop motion contacts 34, contacts35, and 36, of the master switch, lower contacts 38 of oneof thenon-interference magnets Z, winding 39, and by the wires 9, to the brush11 of the generator G. The reversing switch V now closes its contactsand establishes a circuit from the mains by way of the contacts 40 and42 of the reversing switch and contacts 41 of the potential switch tothe stator of the motor. The contacts 43 and 47 of the reversing switchare closed at the same load magnets .Y. The accelerating magnets 44 and45 now successively operate their contacts and close the rotor circuitof the motor M through the resistance P. A parallel circuit is alsoclosed to the solenoid of the auxiliary brake magnet 48 one branch ofwhich includes the contacts 49 of one of the load magnets Y, and theother branch includes the resistance 64, stop motion contacts 63,contacts 65, solenoid 39 to the generator G by the conductor 9. Themagnet 48 operates to close a circuit to the brake B through theresistance 55. Due to this resistance in the brake circuit the brake cannot lift and the'motor cannot start unless and until this resistancefirst be removed. This is effected by means of a safety magnet 50containing a plurality of windings such as 52, 53, and 54, each one ofwhich is connected in the rotor circuit of the motor by the operation ofthe accelerating magnet 45. If for some reason any of the phases of therotor or stator circuit are open-circuited, the auxiliary brake magnet50 will not have suflicient power toclose its contacts 51. If the phasesare in proper condition all of the windings such as 52, 53 and 54 areexcited and act together to effect the closing of the the motor phasesare complete. Assuming such to be the case,-the contacts 51 close andthe brake is connected through the brake controlled contacts 59 andcontacts of the auxiliary brake magnet 48 across the armature of thegenerator G. The brake now lifts and the motor accelerates to slow speedwith the greater part of the resistance P in of the motor, the generatorR gradually] builds up a potential, and, since this generator isconnected to the accelerating magnets 22, 23, 24 and 25, the latterclose-their contacts in successive order gradually to cut out or shortcircuit the resistance P and permit the motor to run up to speed. Assoon -as the accelerating magnet 24 has closed its upper contacts andopened its lower contacts, the circuit to the accelerating magnet 22 isbroken and the same drops back. As soon as the accelerating magnet 25closes its lower contacts'56, the'final accelerating magnet 26 receivescurrent and operates to close its upper contacts and thereby shortcircuit the entire resistance P. The closing of the final acceleratingmagnet open circuits the accelerating magnets22, 23, 24 and 25 at thecontacts. 57 and establishes a self holding circu'it'for the finalaccelerating magnet at the contacts 58. The windings of magnets 22,23,24, and 25, no longer receive current and will'remain cool. The ihoistnow runs at full speed with short-circuited rotor.

It will be observed that the lifting of the brake elfected an opening ofthe contacts 59, thereby reinserting the resistance in circuit with thebrake winding. The brake remains in operated position nevertheless sincethis resistance permits sufficient current to pass-to maintainthe brakein released position once it has operated, but the same current will notbe suflicient initially to operate the brake to released position. Theresistance 55 thus performs a threefold function: first, to prevent thebrake from lifting unless all of the motor phases are alive; second,tocut down the current consumed by the brake after the same has beenoperated, in order to economize current; and thi'rd,to prevent themagnet winding of the brake becoming overheated during the operation ofthe hoist.

It will be further observed that the operation of the acceleratingmagnet 22 will effect the-deenergization of the safety magnet 50, andthe same will permit its contacts 51 to open which effects no result atthis time, since the brake is in lifted position and the resistance 55has already been placed in series with the brake magnet by the operationof the brake itself.

.As the ascending loaded skip approaches the top of the incline, thestop motion switch S opens the contacts 2-0 which open circuits theconductor 21 common to the accelerating magnets 22, 23, 24, 25 and 26,and the greater part of the resistance 'P is. reinserted into the rotorcircuit, which obviously re-- be traced from the generator brush 29,wire I 28, magnet windings 60 and 61 of the load magnets in parallel,contacts 31 of the stop motion switch, contacts 30 and 15 of the masterswitch, and by wires 18, 3 and 2 to the generator brush 27. The loadmagnets now separate their contacts to open circuit the ma ets ofaccelerating magnets 44: and 45, an the same open their contacts andopen-circuit the rotor of the motor. The auxiliary brake magnet 48 isnot deenergized by the operation of the load magnet 60, since itscircuit is completed through another path, as before pointed out, saidpath including the resistance 64 and contacts 63 and 65 and the magnetwinding 39. The speed of the hoist immediately falls oil and likewisethe potential of the generator Now, since the load magnets are operatedby current from this generator, it follows that the dying current in theload magnet windings soon becomes so weak that the magnet 60 drops itscore and short circuits the contacts 49. A circuit from the generator Gis now closed through these contacts to the accelerating magnet 44 andthe latter operates to close the rotor circuit through all of theresistance P and to permit the mothe motor continues 'to fall ofi' eventhoughits circuit be closed to the main line, the potential of thegenerator R likewise becomes less, until it eventually permits the loadmagnet 61 to drop its contacts 62, thereby closing a circuit to thewinding of accelerating magnet 45 and giving the motor full startingtorque with a portion of the resistance P out out of circuit. Should thespeed of the motor increase to-about one third of full speed, theaugmented potential of the generator R will cause the load magnet 61 tooperate and deenergize the accelerating magnet 45, thereby insertingmore re- .sistance in the rotor circuit and reducing above it canreadily be seen that the load magnets Y will automatically operate tocause the hoist to slow down to a predetermined speed and maintain thatspeed independently of the load. The hoist continues to move at thispredetermined speed until the skip approaches within a few feet of i thecharging point over the mouth of the furnace. At this time the stopmotion switch contacts 63 are opened. The auxiliary brake magnet 48 nowhas to receive its current by way of the contacts 49 of the load magnet60 and should for any reason the speed of the ho st be abovesubstantially four tenths is:

of travel the stop motion contacts 33 and 34 q simultaneously opentherebyopen circuiting both sides of the reversing switch magnet circuitcausing the reversing switch to Q open its contacts and thereby cut offall current-supply to the motor and brake and the hoist comes to rest,one skip being at the top of the furnace and the other skip at theloading pit. 7

After the lower skip has been loaded or charged the same is hoisted byreversing the direction of movement of the master switch which energizesthe reversing switch U instead of the reversing switch V and the hoistoperates just as before except that the direction of rotation of themotor is reversed.

Itwill be observed that the non-interference magnets orrelays Z preventa simultaneous energization of both reversing switches. The lowercontacts of each of these relays are in series with the operatingmagnets ofa corresponding reversing switch so that when one reversingswitch is energized to close its contacts it is impossible to close acircuit to the operating magnet of the companion reversing switch sothat under no conditions can both reversing switches simultaneously bein closed position. Furthermore the non-interference magnets or relays Zprevent a reversal of the hoist unless and until the loadbd skip hassubstantially reached its upper limit of travel and discharged load.This is due to the fact that the operation of a reversing switch such asthe switch V establishes a self holding circuit for the magnet 39 of thenon-interference relay Z, said circuit being traced from the directcurrent main 2, wire 3, contacts 17 of the potential switch T, wire 18,solenoid of auxiliary brake magnet 48, resistance 64, stop motion,contacts 63, contacts 65 of switch Z, magnet 39, and by the wire 9 tothe direct current main 10. As

(I long as the contacts 63 remain closed, and

' these contacts will remain closed until the hoist substantiallyreaches its limit of travel, the reversing switch U cannot be operatedfrom the master switch, since its circuit will ,be 0 ened at the lowercontacts of the energize switch Z. This applies to the normal operationofthe hoist.

If for any extraordinary reason, such as in case of emergency, theoperator desires to reverse the hoist or to stop the same at any pointin its travel, he merely opens the emergency switch E, thereby effectingthe opening of the potential switch T, and all parts, including thenon-interference magnet switches Z return to deenergized position, readyfor a subsequent operation of the hoist in either direction of travel.

During the operation of the hoist, the motor generator set H, G,operates continuously, and, while I have illustrated the same ascomprising a squirrel cage induction motor and a compound wound directcurrent generator, it is obvious that almost any type of motor generatoror current rectifier could just as Well be used. The generator R ispreferablya shunt wound machine with constantly and separately excitedfield, so that its potential will 'vary almost exactly as its speedvaries.

I am aware that it has been proposed to control an alternating currentmotor by means of current generated by a direct connected direct currentgenerator, but such; arrangement is inadequate, since the irect currentis not available until the hoist has acquired speed and therefore some0t the'electro-responsive devices such as the potential and reversingswitches and the brake must,

be 0 erated by an alternating current, which is o jectionable for manyreasons. Then again a self excited direct current machine will notalways generate unt'l its speed exceeds a certain critical valueallandnot even then under some conditions, ence the controlling current is aptto be uncertain and sometimes fail altogether. With the arrangementherein shownand described, the generator which furnishes direct currentfor the main motor s eed controlling device is separately excite and byhaving a constant field, will generate the instant its armature beginsto'rotate.

A valuable feature of the invention lies in the fact that the potentialsupplied to the various electro-res onsive devices or switches issubstantially independent of that of the main or power line, since thespeed of the alternating'current motor generator set H, G, andconsequently the potential of the direct current generator G will beconstant regardless of any fluctuation in voltage of the power mains.The speed of the motor H'is dependent upon the number of poles itcontains and the frequenc of the current supplied to it from'the mains,providing, of course, its load does not vary to any great extent. Sincethe load on the motor H is ver moderate under an and all conditions, itollows that its spee will re- -main substantially constant even thoughthe volts. 7 of the main line varies. By reason of this feature I amenabled to secure a uniform operation throughout the controllingsyfstem'lndependently of the main line voltthey will be uncertain intheir operation, should the voltage vary and consequentlythe operationof the hoisting motor and skip will be uncertain and erratic, which ofcourse is most undesirable.

The motor H and generators G'and B may be small in size since thegenerated current required is very moderate and is only used in rresponsive devices. Furthermore the potenthe magnet windings of thevarious electrotial may also be low so as to obviate the 'danger that isalways associated with high voltage and particularly high voltagealternating current. a

It is obvious that those skilled in the art could readily make variouschanges in the system as shown Without departing from the spirit orscope of my invention, hence I desire not to be limited to the precisearrangement and construction of parts herein set forth. e

What I claim is 1, In a skip hoist, an alternating current motor foroperating the hoist, a main line circuit to the motor,electro-responsive devices for controlling the motor circuit, a constantspeed dynamo for supplying cur rent to said controlling devices, speedcontrolling devices for the motor, and means operated by said motor forcontrolling said motor speed controlling devices.

2. In a skip hoist, an alternating current motor for operating thehoist, a main line circuit to the motor, electro-responsive devices forcontrolling the motor circuit, a dynamo operating continuously by powerfrom the mainline for supplying current to said controlling devices,speed controlling devices for the motor, and means operated by the motorfor controlling said motor speed controlling devices.

3. In a skip hoist, an alternating current motor, a main line circuit tothe motor, electro-responsive devices for controlling the motor circuit,a. continuously operating dynamo operated by power from the main linefor supplying direct current at constant potential to said controllingdevices, speed controlling devices for the motor, and means dependentupon the speed of the motor for 5.;controlling said motor speedcontrolling devices.

4. In a hoist, an alternating current motor for operating the hoist, amain line circuit to the motor, electro-responsive devices .forcontrolling the motor circuit, a

constantly running dynamo operated by power from the main line forsupplying direct current at constant potential to said controllingdevices, speed controlling devices for the motor, and a direct currentdynamo driven by said motor for supplying current to said motor speedcontrolling devices.

5. In a skip hoist, a polyphase motor for operating the hoist, a brakefor the motor, and means for preventing the release of the brake unlessall of the phases are alive.

6. In a skip hoist, a polyphase motor for operating the hoist, a brakefor the motor, an electro-responsive device having a magnet winding ineach phase of they motor circuit, and means controlled by said devicefor preventing the release of the brake unless all ofthe phases arealive.

7 In a skip hoist, an alternating current motor for operating the'hoist,a-polyphase circuit for said motor, a magnet winding in each phase ofthe motor circuit, a brake for circuit for said motor, a magnet windingin each phase of therotor of the motor, contacts controlled by saidmagnet windings, an electro-magnetic brake for the motor, and

means controlled by said contacts for controlling a circuit to themagnet windings of said brake whereby'the brake is prevented fromreleasing and the motor from operating unless all of the motor phasesare alive.

9. In a skip hoist, a motor for operating the hoist, a polyphase circuitto the motor stator, a magnet having a plurality of windings each orwhich is in one phase of the rotor circuit, andmeans controlled by saidmagnet for'preventing the motor from being started unless all of therotor phases are intact.

10. In a skip hoist, a motor for operating the hoist, a polyphasecircuit for the motor, a magnet having a winding in each phase of themotor circuit, a brake for the motor, means controlled by said magnetfor preventing therelease of the brake unless all of the phases areintact, and means for rendering said magnet inoperative after the motorhas started.

11. In a ski hoist, a motor for operating the hoist, a po yphas ecircuit for the motor, a magnet having a winding in eac'hphase of themotor circuit, a brake for the motor, means-controlled by said magnetfor preventing the release of the brake unless all of the phases areintact, and means controlled by the speed of the motor'for shortcircuitthe windings of said magnet.

2. In a ski hoist, a'motorfor operating the hoist, a po yphase circuitfor the motor, a magnet having a plurality of windings each windingbeing connected in a separate phase of the motor circuit, and meanscontrolled by said magnet for preventing the operation of the motoruntil all of the windings of said magnet receive current of apredetermined strength.

13. In a skip hoist, a hoisting motor, an alternating current supplycircuit for the motor, a direct current generator driven by said motor,a resistance in the motor circuit, electro-responsive devices operatedby current from said generator for controlling said resistance, a magnetswitch for controlling the circuit of said electro-responsive devices,and means operated by the motor near the limit of travel of the hoistfor permitting said electro-respo'nsive devices to insert the resistancein the motor circuit to reduce the speed of the motor and to close acircuit to the magnet winding of said magnet switch to efiect theopening of the motor circuit.

14. In a skip hoist, a hoisting motor, an alternating current supplycircuit for the motor, a direct current generator driven by said motor,a resistance in the. motor circuit, electro-responsive devices operatedby current from said generator for controlling said resistance, a magnetswitch for controlling the circuit of said electro-responsive devices,means operated b the motor near the limit of travel of the hoist forpermitting the electro-responsive devices to insert the resistance inthe motor circuit to reduce the speed of the motor and to close acircuit from the direct current, generator to the magnet winding of saidmagnet switch to effect the opening of the. motor circuit and then afterto permit said magnet switch to eflect the closing of the motor circuitdepending upon the speed and load of the motor.

15. In a skip hoist, a motor for operating the hoist, a resistance inthe rotor circuit of the motor, a switch adapted to control the rotorcircuit, electroresponsive' devices for controlling said resistance, adynamo. connected'to run with the motor and adapted to supply current tosaid electro-responsive devices in accordance with the speed of themotor, an independent source of current supply for said rotor circuitswitch, and

. means operated by themotor when the hoist approaches its limits oftravel in either direction for controlling said electro-responsivedevices and said rotor circuit switch to effect a slow down of the motorin accordance with its speed and load.

16. In a skip hoist, a motor for operating the holst, a resistance inthe rotor circuit of the motor, a switch adapted to control the rotorcircuit, electroresponsive devices for controlling said resistance, aseparately ex-,

cited direct current dynamo connected to run with the motor and adaptedto supply current to said electro-responsive devices in accordance withthe speed of theinotor, an

independent source of current supply for said rotor circuit switch, andmeans operated by the motor .when the hoist approaches reversing nectedin series with the magnet winding of the other'relay, whereby the magnetwind ing of one reversing switch is open-circuited at the contacts ofone of said relays upon the energization of the magnet winding of theother reversing switch to prevent the simultaneous operation of bothof'said reversing switches.

18. In a skip hoist, a motor for operating the hoist, electro-responsivereversing switches for the motor, relays connected in series with themagnet winding of each switch, normally closed relay contacts, thecontacts of one relay including a circuit in series with the other relayand its connected reversing switch, whereby the energization of onereversing switch open circuits' the magnet winding of-its companionreversing switch at the contacts of one of the relays, means forestablishing a self holding circuit for oneof the relays to maintain thelatter, in operated position, and means for interrupting the said selfholding circuit so as to deenergize the said last-named relay and permitthe subsequent operation of either of said reversing switches.

19. In a skip hoist, a motor for operating the hoist, electro-responsivereversing switches for the motor, relays connected in series with themagnet winding of each switch, normally closed relay contacts, thecontacts of one relay including a circuit in series with the other'relayand its connected reversing switch, whereby the energization of onereversing switch open-circuits the magnet winding of its companionreversing switch at the contacts of one of'the relays, means forestablishing a self holding circuit for one of the relays to maintainthe latter in operated position, and means controlled by the motor forinterrupting the said self holding circuit so as to. deenergize the saidlast named relay and permit the subsequent operation of either of thereversing switches.

20. In a skip hoist, an alternating current motor for operating" thehoist, electro-responsive devlces for controlling the operation of themotor, a direct current dynamo driven by said motor and adapted tosupply current to said electro-responsive devices, and mean's operatedby the motor for controll ng sald electro-responsive devices to stop theskip at a predetermined point in its travel regardless of its load andspeed.

21. In a skip hoist, an alternating current motor for operating thehoist, electro-responsive devices for controlling the operation of themotor, adirect current dynamo driven by said motor and adapted to supplycurrent to said electro-responsive devices, and automatic 'meansoperated by the motor for controlling said electro-responsive devices tostop the skip at a predetermined point in its travel regardless of itsload and speed. I

22. In a skip hoist, an alternating current hoisting motor, a directcurrent dynamo operating in synchronism with said motor, m0- tor speedcontrolling devices operated by current from said dynamo, and meanscontrolled by the motor for effecting the operation of said speedcontrolling devices to stop the skip invariably at the same point.

23. In a skip hoist, an alternating current hoisting motor a directcurrent dynamo operating in synchronism with said motor, motor speedcontrolling devices operated by, current from said dynamo, and meansautomatically operated by the motor when the skip reaches apredetermined point in its travel for effecting a slow down and stop ofthe skip at an exact landing.

24. In a skip hoist, a motor for operating the hoist, reversing switchesfor themotor, a separate circuit for the magnet windings oi thereversing switches, and a relay having its winding in one of saidcircuits and its contacts controlling the other of saidcir cuits, and aself holding circuit for said relay winding adapted to be closed by theoperation of the relay.

25. In a skip hoist, a motor for operating the hoist, reversing switchesfor the motor, a separate circuit for the magnet windings of thereversing switches, a relay having its winding in one of "said circuits.and its contacts controlling the other of said circuits, a self holdingcircuit for said relay winding adapted to be closed by the operation ofthe relay, and a switch controlled by the motor in said self holdingcircuit.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in thepresence of two subscribing witnesses.

' DAVID L. LINDQUIST. Witnesses:

WALTER C. STRANG, Jnms G. Bii'rmmn.

